我国沿海线形亚属海链藻的形态学研究

壳面孔纹的形态学特征是海链藻的重要分类学依据之一。线形亚属的海链藻种类大多是从圆筛藻属修订而来, 它们之间的区别特征细微, 需电镜下观察才能准确鉴定。我国关于线形亚属海链藻的报道较少。研究利用电镜(EM)技术, 对采自我国沿海海域的自然水样, 以及分离获得的单克隆培养藻株进行了形态学观察, 针对其中的海链藻属Thalassiosira Cleve种类开展了形态分类学的专题研究。报道了6个隶属于线形亚属的海链藻种类, 分别是紧密海链藻T. densannula Hasle &; Fryxell、微小海链藻T. exigua Fryxell &; Hasle、线形海链藻T. lineata Jousé、微线形海链藻T. nanolineata (Mann) Fryxell &; Hasle、结线形海链藻T. nodulolineata (Hendey) Hasle &; Fryxell和柔弱海链藻T. tenera Proschkina-Lavrenko, 其中有4个为我国新记录种类: 紧密海链藻、线形海链藻、微线形海链藻和结线形海链藻。对每个种类的形态学特征、生活习性和生态分布进行了描述, 提供了电镜照片。对相似种类的形态学特征进行了比较研究, 分析了孔纹特征的变化类型及其分类学意义。     

Facile synthesis and characterization of novel pyrazole-sulfonamides and their inhibition effects on human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

In the current study, a series of pyrazole-sulfonamide derivatives (2–14) were synthesized, characterized, and the inhibition effects of the derivatives on human carbonic anhydrases (hCA I and hCA II) were investigated as in vitro. Structures of these sulfonamides were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and LC–MS analysis. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR revealed the tautomeric structures. hCA I and hCA II isozymes were purified from human erythrocytes and inhibitory effects of newly synthesized sulfonamides on esterase activities of these isoenzymes have been studied. The K_i values of compounds were 0.062–1.278 μM for hCA I and 0.012–0.379 μM for hCA II. The inhibition effects of 7 for hCA I and 4 for hCA II isozymes were almost in nanomolar concentration range.     

盐分、变温和激素处理对盐生植物异子蓬异型性种子萌发及成苗的影响

利用培养皿种子萌发及土壤盆栽方法对新疆特有藜科1年生盐生植物异子蓬(Suaeda aralocaspica)在不同盐分(NaCl和Na2SO4)、变温(4～30℃)和激素(GA3)处理下的种子萌发及成苗行为进行了研究.结果表明:异子蓬2种种子在NaCl和Na2SO42种盐胁迫下的萌发和休眠特性表现出明显差异,其中黑色种子的萌发率比褐色种子低;黑色种子属于非深度生理休眠,可分别通过15/30℃变温处理、4℃低温层积30 d及用800mg·L-1赤霉素处理促进其萌发;盐处理及温度变化对褐色种子的出苗率和成苗率影响显著,对黑色种子则不明显,说明黑色种子萌发存在着持续性的缓萌机制,有利于其形成持久种子库,以上特性均显示出其对初春盐生环境的适应性.     

土壤水肥因子对胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响

以当年生胡杨幼苗为材料,通过不同水平的水分和养分单因素控制盆栽试验,探讨土壤水肥因子对当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响,以明确胡杨生长过程中以及种子更新困难的原因和机理。结果表明:(1)当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡主要体现在生物量的分配策略上,而主根长/高度没有显著差异。(2)在连续给水处理下,干旱胁迫使幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加了75%和93%;但干旱胁迫抑制了生物量的积累,含水量10%处理下生物量比15%、20%和30%处理分别显著减小53.4%、89.2%、78.6%;在断续给水处理下,随着干旱程度的增加幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加34%和38%;连续给水和断续给水两类干旱胁迫均能明显增加幼苗根系木质化程度。(3)土壤施加氮磷均显著增加幼苗根冠比和木质化,但过量的氮肥抑制根系生物量的积累。可见,胡杨幼苗对于水肥条件胁迫敏感性与生长权衡能力是胡杨林种子更新与种群维持的关键环节,调整立地土壤水肥环境对当年生胡杨幼苗的生长定居有重要的作用。     

An orthotropic viscoelastic material model for passive myocardium: theory and algorithmic treatment

This contribution presents a novel constitutive model in order to simulate an orthotropic rate-dependent behaviour of the passive myocardium at finite strains. The motivation for the consideration of orthotropic viscous effects in a constitutive level lies in the disagreement between theoretical predictions and experimentally observed results. In view of experimental observations, the material is deemed as nearly incompressible, hyperelastic, orthotropic and viscous. The viscoelastic response is formulated by means of a rheological model consisting of a spring coupled with a Maxwell element in parallel. In this context, the isochoric free energy function is decomposed into elastic equilibrium and viscous non-equilibrium parts. The baseline elastic response is modelled by the orthotropic model of Holzapfel and Ogden [Holzapfel GA, Ogden RW. 2009. Constitutive modelling of passive myocardium: a structurally based framework for material characterization. Philos Trans Roy Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. 367:3445–3475]. The essential aspect of the proposed model is the account of distinct relaxation mechanisms for each orientation direction. To this end, the non-equilibrium response of the free energy function is constructed in the logarithmic strain space and additively decomposed into three anisotropic parts, denoting fibre, sheet and normal directions each accompanied by a distinct dissipation potential governing the evolution of viscous strains associated with each orientation direction. The evolution equations governing the viscous flow have an energy-activated nonlinear form. The energy storage in the Maxwell branches has a quadratic form leading to a linear stress–strain response in the logarithmic strain space. On the numerical side, the algorithmic aspects suitable for the implicit finite element method are discussed in a Lagrangian setting. The model shows excellent agreement compared to experimental data obtained from the literature. Furthermore, the finite element simulations of a heart cycle carried out with the proposed model show significant deviations in the strain field relative to the elastic solution.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the populations of Iranolacerta brandtii (de Filippi, 1863) (Squamata: Lacertidae) recently found in Eastern Anatolia,Turkey

The Persian Lizard, Iranolacerta brandtii, was until recently considered to be restricted to north-western Iran (Azerbaijan and Esfahan provinces). However, two recent studies have revealed the existence of populations in Eastern Anatolia, extending the range of this species for about 230?km westwards. The fragmented distribution of this species has been considered to be a consequence of the climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene and Holocene, which created events of alternating contact and isolation of populations in distinct glacial refugia. According to our obtained genealogy derived from three mitochondrial fragments (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytb), the Turkish specimens cluster together but form an independent clade, sister to the individuals from Tabriz in Iran. The separation of these two clades is concurrent with the cladogenesis between the Esfahan and Ardabil clades, estimated to have taken place during the late Holocene.     

Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cells on Inflammatory and Apoptotic Signaling Pathways in the Presence of High Osmotic Pressure

It is generally accepted that high osmotic pressure (HOP) of lacrimal fluid is the core mechanism causing ocular inflammation and injury. However, the association between HOP and the regulation of cell inflammatory response and apoptotic pathways remains unclear. In the present study, we used HOP to interfere with in vitro cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells, and found that HOP increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rabbit corneal epithelial cells, and increased ROS in turn induced the activation of JNK inflammatory signaling pathway, which further promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory factor NF-κβ and induced the generation of inflammatory factor IL-1β and TNF-α. In addition, HOP-induced ROS in rabbit corneal epithelial cells regulated the CD95/CD95L-mediated cell apoptotic signaling pathway by activating JNK inflammatory signaling pathway. These findings may serve as new theoretical basis and a new way of thinking about the treatment of ocular diseases, especially dry eye.     

The effect of ethanol on erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes activity: An in vitro and in vivo study

The ethanol is a widely consumed as sedative-hypnotic drug throughout the world. In this study, the effects of ethanol were investigated on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activities both in vitro in human erythrocyte and in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rat erythrocyte. For in vitro study, the human carbonic anhydrase-I (HCA-I) and -II (HCA-II) are purified by Sepharose 4B–L-tyrosine-sulphanilamide affinity chromatography. In vivo CA enzyme activity was determined colorimetrically by using CO₂-hydration method of Wilbur and Anderson. Rat blood samples were taken from each rat before and after the ethanol administration at different times (1 h, 3 h, and 5 h). Rat erythrocyte CA activity was significantly inhibited by pharmacological dosage of the ethanol (2 mL.kg^{? 1}) for up to 3 h (p < 0.001) following intraperitoneally administration. The ethanol showed in vitro inhibitory effects on HCA-I and HCA-II hydratase activity, determined by colorimetrically using the CO₂-hydratase method. The inhibitor concentrations causing up to 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) were 2.09 M for HCA-I (r²:0.9273) and 1.83 M for HCA-II (r²:9749). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase enzyme in erythrocytes was significantly inhibited by the ethanol both in in vitro and in vivo.     

In vitro inhibitory effects of some heavy metals on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases

The inhibition of two human carbonic anhydrase (HCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic HCA I and II, with heavy metal salts of Pb(II), Co(II) and Hg(II)has been investigated. Human erythrocyte CA-I isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 920 EUmg^{? 1} and a yield of 30% and CA-II isozyme was purified with a specific activity of 8000 EUmg^{? 1} and a yield of 40% using Sepharose-4B-L tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. The overall purification was approximately 104-fold for HCA-I and 900-fold for HCA-II. The inhibitory effects of different heavy metals (lead, cobalt and mercury) on CA activity were determined at low concentrations using the esterase method under in vitro conditions. K_i values for these metals were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk graphs as 1.0, 3.22 and 1.45 mM for HCA-I and 0.059, 1.382 and 0.32 mM for HCA-II respectively. Lead was a noncompetitive inhibitor for HCA-I and competitive for HCA-II, cobalt was competitive for HCA-I and noncompetitive for HCA-II and mercury was uncompetitive for both HCA-I and HCA-II. Lead was the best inhibitor for both HCA-I and HCA-II.     

施氮量和土壤灭菌对根结线虫侵染番茄根系的影响

设施蔬菜生产中,根结线虫病害频繁发生,严重威胁了设施蔬菜生产的安全性和可持续性.为了探究氮肥施用量和土壤灭菌对根结线虫侵染番茄根系的影响,采用二因素(施氮量和土壤是否灭菌)二水平完全随机区组设计,进行盆栽试验.施氮量分别为100和300 mg·kg-1,采用γ射线对土壤灭菌或不灭菌.结果表明:未灭菌条件下,与高氮处理相比,低氮处理单位根长和单位根干重的根结数分别减少了42.5%和30.4%,地上部干重和根干重分别增加了43.9%和31.4%,氮素农学利用效率提高4.3倍;对土壤进行γ射线灭菌,有效地消除了根结线虫对番茄根系的侵染,地上部干重增加了31.8%;适当减少氮肥施用量能显著降低根结线虫对设施番茄根系的侵染,促进番茄生长,提高氮素农学利用效率.